Without a declared encoding the browser guesses, and a wrong guess renders every non-ASCII character as mojibake. The declaration must also appear in the first 1024 bytes, which is why it belongs at the top of head.
Impact is importance multiplied by the confidence tier’s weight — SPECIFICATION 1.0, RESEARCH 0.7, EMERGING 0.3, EXPERIMENTAL 0.1. Two rules backed by the same class of evidence therefore always carry the same weight, which is what makes the score reproducible rather than hand-tuned.